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                                                                                                                1100's                     1200's                   1300's



1200                        Westminster Psalter - Virgin and Child

                                The Parable of the Sower (stained glass from Cantebury Cathedral)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                Alfonso VIII of Castile incorporates Alava and Guipuzcoa into Castile

                                Jews in Morocco given privileges

                                Rise of Sultanate of Kilwa

                                Hunac Ceel revolts against Maya  of Chichen Itza and sets up new capital at Mayapan

                                Trouveres flourish in France

                                Minnesingers flourish in Germany

                                Alleluya Nativitas                                                Perotin

                                Viderunt omnes & Sederunt principes             Perotin

                                Sadi, Shiekh Musharrif ud-din                                           1200-1292

                                Chu Hsi  (Xhu Xi)                                                                 1130-1200               Philosopher (Sung China)

                                Hugh of Lincoln                                                                   1140-1200

1201                        Hachiman as a Buddhist priest (Kakei) (Shinto School - Kamakura Period)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                FOURTH CRUSADE +   (1201-1204)

                                Humiliati Order founded (quasi-mendicant)

                                Al Tusi, Nasir Eddin                                                            1201-1274

                                Leonin                                                                                    1135-1201 (1163-1190?)

1202                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                FOURTH CRUSADE ...   (1201-1204)

                                Crusaders unable to pay Venice for transport agree to conquer on its behalf

                                Famine in Egypt (-1204)

                                Canute VI -                            (Denmark)

                                Valdemar II +                        (Denmark)                                              Sejr the Victorious

                                Sverre -                                  (Norway)

                                Mieszko III the Old -            (Polish Kingdom)                                                 Piast Dynasty

                                Ladislaus  +-                         (Polish Kingdom)                                 *****    Piast Dynasty  (Spindleshanks)

                                Leszek the White +              (Polish Kingdom)                                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                Joachim of Fiore                                                                   1130-1202               Churchman/Intellectual

1203                        Guardian Figure (Unkei /Kakei) (Kamakura period)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                FOURTH CRUSADE ...   (1201-1204)

                                John (Lackland?) orders the murder of his nephew Arthur, Duke of Brittany

                                Sack of Ghana by Sumanguru of Susu

                                Alexius III -                           (Byzantine Empire)                               (1195-1203)   

                                Isaac II Angelus +                (Byzantine Empire)                               (1203-1204)

                                Alexius IV +                           (Byzantine Empire)                               (1203-1204)

                                Dirk VII -                                (Holland)                                               Count

                                Ada +                                       (Holland)                                               (-1204)    Countess

                                Nizami                                                                                    1140-1203               Poet (Persia)

1204                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                FOURTH CRUSADE -   (1201-1204)

                                Crusaders sack Constantinople - city pillaged for three days - Latin kingdom formed (4/13)

                                Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is elected Emperor of the Latin Empire (5/9)

                                Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned Baldwin I, Emperor of the Latin Empire (5/16)

                                Baldwin I's wife Marie dies of the plague in Acre - sailing to see Baldwin she heard the news of his crowning (8)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Philip II Augustus makes war on John Lackland - John surrenders Normandy, Brittany, Anjou, Maine, Touraine

                                Latin Empire of Constantinople - Lascarid dynasty at Nicea (-1261)

                                Chinese Year of the Rat

                                Isaac II Angelus -                                (Byzantine Empire)                               (1203-)

                                Alexius IV -                           (Byzantine Empire)                               (1203-)

                                Alexius V Murtzuphlus +-  (Byzantine Empire)                               *****

                                Baldwin I +                            (Latin Empire)                                       (1204-1205)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris +         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

                                Emeric -                                  (Hungary)                                              King 

                                Ladislaus III +                       (Hungary)                                              King 

                                Haakon III Sverreson +-      (Norway)                                               *****

                                Inge Baardson +                   (Norway)

                                Ada -                                      (Holland)                                               (1203-)    Countess

                                William I +                             (Holland)                                               Count

                                Maimonides, Moses                                                            1135-1204

1205                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                Battle of Adrianople - Bulgarians under  Kaloyan defeat the Crusaders (Latin Empire) under Baldwin I (4/14)

                                Baldwin I dies in captivity - news of it becomes known(7)

                                Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire (8/20)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Innocent III sends Dominic into Abligensian cities

                                Defeat of the Latin Empire by the Bulgars

                                Ladislaus III -                        (Hungary)                                              King 

                                Andrew II +                           (Hungary)                                              King 

                                Amalric II of Cyprus -          (Jerusalem)                                            (1197-) 11th King

                                John of Brienne + (Jerusalem)                                            (-1229) 12th King

                                Baldwin I -                             (Latin Empire)                                       (1204-1205)            Emperor

                                Henry I of Flanders +          (Latin Empire)                                       (1205-1216)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

                                Perotin                                                                                   1160-1205 (1160-1238?)        Composer

1206                        Crucifixion (Nicola Pisano)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                Temujin unites Mongols as Genghis Khan, "Emperor within the Seas"

                                Qutb-ud-din Aybak  assassinates Ghur - Slave Dynasty begins in India (Delhi Sultanate) (-1290)

                                Joanna +                                (Flanders)                                              Countess

                                Henry I of Flanders ...          (Latin Empire)                                       (1205-1216)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

                                Genghis Khan +                   (Mongol Empire)                                  (-1227)

                                Qutb-ud-din Aybak +          (Slave Dynasty)                                   (-1210)    India

1207                        Cantar de Mío Cid

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                Pope Innocent III appoints Stephen Langton Archbishop of Cantebury - John refuses to let him take office

                                John Asen (Kaloyan) -        (Bulgaria)                                               (1197-1207)  1st  Emperor 2nd Bulgarian Empire

                                Henry I of Flanders ...          (Latin Empire)                                       (1205-1216)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

                                Rumi, Jalal ad-din                                                                 1207-1273               Persian Poet (Balkh)

                                Henry III Plantagenet                                                          1207-1272               King of England

1208                        The Patriarch Mujaku (Kamakura Period) (Unkei)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                Philip of Swabia murdered (6/21)

                                Otto IV submits to a new election in Holy Roman Empire - wins over the princes  (11)

                                -------------------------------------------------------------

                                Pope Innocent III lays England under interdict

                                Albigensian Crusade in France (-1213)

                                Philip of Swabia - (Holy Roman Empire)          (1198-)    Hohenstaufen Dynasty (4th)  (murdered)

                                Otto IV -                 (Holy Roman Empire)                          (1198-)    Guelph antiking

                                Otto  IV +                               (Holy Roman Empire)                          (-1215)    Guelph emperor

                                Sverker the Younger -         (Sweden)                                               (1196-)    House of Sverker and Erik (Karlsson)

                                Erik X +                                  (Sweden)                                               (-1216)    House of Sverker and Erik (Knutsson)

                                Henry I of Flanders ...          (Latin Empire)                                       (1205-1216)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

1209                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE +   (1209-1229)

                                Pope Innocent III excommunicates John Lackland for attacks on Church property

                                Diploma of Speyer - Otto IV again comfirms the papacy's rights to the Papal States               (3)

                                Diploma of Speyer - Otto IV promises aid in upholding papal suzerainty over Sicily              (3)

                                Diploma of Speyer - Otto IV concedes the freedom of episcopal elections                               (3)

                                Diploma of Speyer - Otto IV concedes the unrestricted right of appeal to the pope                (3)

                                Otto IV crowned emperor of HRE - reverts to Hohenstaufen policy of dominance over Italy (10)

                                ----------------------------------------------------------------

                                Francis of Assisi founds the Franciscan Order (mendicant)        (1210)

                                Cambridge University founded

                                Henry I of Flanders ...          (Latin Empire)                                       (1205-1216)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

1210                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                Otto IV seizes lands left to the Church by Matilda of Tuscany

                                Otto IV invades Apulia and prepares to attack Sicily

                                Pope Innocent III excommunicates Emperor Otto IV

                                Mongols under Genghis Khan begin invasion of China

                                Leszek the White -               (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                Mieszko the Stumbling +    (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                Henry I of Flanders ...          (Latin Empire)                                       (1205-1216)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

                                Qutb-ud-din Aybak -           (Slave Dynasty)                                   (1206-)    India

                                Aram Shah +                         (Slave Dynasty)                                   (-1211)    India

1211                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                Frederick II is elected King of Germany in absentia  by Diet of Nuremberg (9)

                                Mieszko the Stumbling -     (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                Leszek the White +              (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                Henry I of Flanders ...          (Latin Empire)                                       (1205-1216)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

                                Aram Shah -                          (Slave Dynasty)                                   (1210-)    India

                                Shams ud din Iltutmish +    (Slave Dynasty)                                   (-1236)    India

                                Sancho I -                              (Portugal)                                              House of Burgundy

                                Alfonso II the Fat +             (Portugal)                                              King (House of Burgundy)

1212                        First Figure Group - Reims Cathedral    (1212-1233)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                Battle of Navas de Tolosa - Alfonso VIII/Sancho VII/Alfonso II/Pedro II defeat Almohades (7/16)

                                Frederick II crowned king of the Germans at Mainz - Hohanstaufen against a Guelph (Otto IV) (12/12)

                                ---------------------------------------------------------

                                Children's Crusade - 30,000 children from France and Germany set off for Palestine - 1000s sold into slavery

                                First University in Spain founded at Palencia by Alfonso VIII of Castile (1212-1214)

                                Frederick II +                      (German Kingdom)                           (1211-1220)            Hohenstaufen (5th)

                                Vsevolod -                             (Vladimir/Suzdal)                                  Grand Duke          

                                Konstantin +                         (Vladimir)                                               Grand Duke

                                Ferdinand +                           (Flanders)                                              Count (from Portugal)

                                Henry I of Flanders ...          (Latin Empire)                                       (1205-1216)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

1213                        Alhambra construction begins (1213-1388)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                Pope Innocent declares John Lackland deposed - John hurriedly makes peace

                                Frederick II ...                        ("German Kingdom")                           (1211-1250)            Hohenstaufen (5th)

                                Muhammed an-Nasir -         (Almohade Dynasty)                           (1198-1213)            Caliph

                                Yusuf II  +                              (Almohade Dynasty)                           (1213-1224)            Caliph

                                Pedro II -                                (Aragon)                                                (1196-)King

                                James I +                                (Aragon)                                                (-1276)    King (the Conqueror)

                                Henry I of Flanders ...          (Latin Empire)                                       (1205-1216)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

1214                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                Battle of the Bouvines - Philip II (Ghibellines) defeats John, Otto IV, & count of Flanders  (Guelphs) - (7/27)

                                Battle of the Bouvines - confirms French possession of the Angevin lands north of the Loire (7/27)

                                William the Lion -                  (Scotland)                                              King (younger brother of Malcolm IV)

                                Alexander II +                       (Scotland)

                                Frederick II ...                        ("German Kingdom")                           (1211-1250)            Hohenstaufen (5th) c

                                Alfonso VIII -                       (Castile)                                                 (1158-)

                                Henry I +                               (Castile)                                                 (-1217)

                                Henry I of Flanders ...          (Latin Empire)                                       (1205-1216)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

                                Bacon, Roger                                                                        1214-1292

                                Alfonso VIII                                                                          1155-1214               King of Castile     

1215                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                FIRST BARON'S WAR +   (1215-1217)

                                Magna Carta in England - barons force John Lackland to agree to a statement of their rights

                                Louis VIII's 1st campaign against the Albigenses

                                Frederick II recrowned King of the Germans at Aachen - he takes the Cross

                                Fourth Lateran Council - yellow badge

                                Fourth Lateran Council - Gothic practice of trial by ordeal condemned

                                St. Dominic founds the Dominican Order of preaching friars at Toulouse (mendicant)

                                Otto  IV -                                (Holy Roman Empire)                          (1209-)    Guelph emperor

                                Henry I of Flanders ...          (Latin Empire)                                       (1205-1216)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

1216                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                FIRST BARON'S WAR ...  (1215-1217)

                                Henry I of Flanders, Emperor of the Latin Empire is poisoned by his Bulgarian wife Maria, dies (6/11)

                                Henry III becomes king of England at age nine

                                Philip II Augustus sends son Louis VIII to invade England

                                Frederick II promises that when crowned emperor he would separate Sicily from the empire - reversed 1220

                                John Lackland -                    (England)                                               (1199-)    King (youngest son of Henry II)

                                Henry III +                             (England)                                               (1216-1272)            King in his own right 1227

                                Erik X -                                   (Sweden)                                               (1208-)    House of Sverker and Erik (Knutsson)

                                John I +                                  (Sweden)                                               House of Sverker and Erik (Johan Sverkersson)

                                Frederick II ...                        (German Kingdom)                           (1211-1250)            Hohenstaufen (5th)

                                Henry I of Flanders -           (Latin Empire)                                       (1205-1216)            Emperor

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

                                Innocent III -                         (Patriarchate of Rome)                        (1198-1216)

                                Honorius III +                       (Patriarchate of Rome)                        (1216-1227)

1217                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                FIFTH CRUSADE +   (1217-1221)

                                FIRST BARON'S WAR -  (1215-1217)

                                Coronation of Stephen I as Czar of Serbia

                                Fifth Crusade against Egypt fails (-1222)

                                Mongols conquer Tarim Basin

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)            King in his own right 1227

                                Henry I -                                (Castile)                                                 (1214-)

                                Berangaria +-                        (Castile)                                                 *****

                                Ferdinand III +                      (Castile)                                                 the Saint

                                Inge Baardson -                    (Norway)

                                Haakon IV +                          (Norway)

                                Frederick II ...                        ("German Kingdom")                           (1211-1250)            Hohenstaufen (5th)

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

1218                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                FIFTH CRUSADE ...   (1217-1221)

                                Rudolf I Hapsburg is born to Albert I, Count of Hapsburg and Hedwig of Kyburg (5/1)

                                Zenith of the Second Bulgarian Empire under John II Asen

                                Genghis Khan conquers Persia

                                Ganghis Khan conquers Kara-Khitan Khanate

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)            King in his own right 1227

                                Frederick II ...                        ("German Kingdom")                           (1211-1250)            Hohenstaufen (5th)

                                Konstantin -                          (Vladimir)                                               Grand Duke

                                Yuri II +                                  (Vladimir)                                               Grand Duke

                                John II Asen +                      (Bulgaria)                                               King Asen Dynasty

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

                                Otto IV                                                                                   1175-1218               Emperor (HRE)

1219                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                FIFTH CRUSADE ...   (1217-1221)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF KHWAREZMIA +   (1219-1221)

                                Louis VIII's 2nd campaign against the Albigenses - prepares the annexation of S France by Louis IX

                                Egyptian Crusade I

                                Mongols conquer Bokhara

                                Hojo clan rules Japan following end of Minamoto family (-1333)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)            King in his own right 1227

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

1220                        Crucifix (Berlinghieri Family)

                                Pentecost Illumination - Ingeborg Psalter

                                Visitation - West front, Reims Cathedral

                                Chartres Cathedral rebuilding completed

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                FIFTH CRUSADE ...   (1217-1221)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF KHWAREZMIA ...   (1219-1221)

                                Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor (11/22)

                                Mongols conquer Samarkand

                                Mongol invasion of Khwarezmian Empire

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)            King in his own right 1227

                                Frederick II ...+                    (Germany)(Holy Roman Empire)(Sicily)            (1211-1250)            Emperor (Hohenstaufen) (5th)

                                Theodore I Lascaris ...         (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

                                Hillel of Verona                                                                     1220-1295

                                William of Rubruck                                                          c.1220-c1293              Francisc. Missionary/Explorer (Flanders)

1221                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                FIFTH CRUSADE -   (1217-1221)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF KHWAREZMIA -   (1219-1221)

                                Mongols ravage Persia

                                Mongols conquer West Turkestan and Afghanistan

                                Ghengis Khan destroys Old Urgench

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)            King in his own right 1227

                                Frederick II ...        (Germany)(Holy Roman Empire)(Sicily)            (1211-1250)            Emperor (Hohenstaufen) (5th)

                                Theodore I Lascaris -          (Nicaean Empire)                                  (1204-1221)            Emperor

                                Alfonso X of Castille                                                           1221-1284

                                Bonaventure                                                                         1221-1274

                                Guzman, Domingo de                                                          1170-1221

1222                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                Genghiz Khan raids India

                                Singosari founded (Java)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)            King in his own right 1227

                                Frederick II ...        (Germany)(Holy Roman Empire)(Sicily)            (1211-1250)            Emperor (Hohenstaufen) (5th)

                                Theodore I Lascaris -          (Byzantine Empire)                               (1204-)   

                                John III Ducas Vatatzes +   (Byzantine Empire)                               (-1254)

                                John I -                                   (Sweden)                                               House of Sverker and Erik (Johan Sverkersson)

                                Erik XI +                                 (Sweden)                                               (1222-1229)1st       H. Sverker and Erik (Eriksson)

1223                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA +   (1223-1236)

                                Battle of Kalka River - Mongols defeat the Russian princes & Cumans in southern Russia - return to Asia (5/31)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Albertus Magnus joins the Dominicans         

                                Mongols first invade western Europe (Russia)

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1222-1229)1st       H. Sverker and Erik (Eriksson)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)            King in his own right 1227

                                Philip II Augustus -             (France)                                                 (1180-)    King

                                Louis VIII le Lion +              (France)                                                 (-1226)    King

                                Frederick II ...        (Germany)(Holy Roman Empire)(Sicily)            (1211-1250)            Emperor (Hohenstaufen) (5th)

                                Abou Yacoub -                     (Almohade Sultanate)                         (1213-)                   

                                Abou Malik +                       (Almohade Sultanate)                         (-1225)

                                Alfonso II the Fat -              (Portugal)                                              King (House of Burgundy)

                                Sancho II +                            (Portugal)                                              House of Burgundy

                                Philip II Augustus                                                               1165-1223               King of France

1224                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA ...   (1223-1236)

                                War between France and England (-1227)

                                Vassal chieftancy sacks Ghanaian captial and enslaves the ruling family

                                University of Naples founded by Frederick II

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1222-1229)1st       H. Sverker and Erik (Eriksson)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)            King in his own right 1227

                                William I -                              (Holland)                                               Count

                                Floris IV +                              (Holland)                                               Count

                                Frederick II ...        (Germany)(Holy Roman Empire)(Sicily)            (1211-1250)            Emperor (Hohenstaufen) (5th)

1225                        Sketch-book page (Villard de Honnecourt)

                                The last Judgement - Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris (1225-1230)

                                Reims Cathedral construction starts

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA ...   (1223-1236)

                                Frederick II marries Yolande, daughter of John of Brienne - Frederick II claims the crown of Jerusalem

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1222-1229)1st       H. Sverker and Erik (Eriksson)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)            King in his own right 1227

                                Frederick II ...                        (Germany)(Holy Roman Empire)(Sicily)            (1211-1250)            Emperor (Hohenstaufen) (5th)

                                al-Nasir -                                (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1180-)    34th Abbasid Caliph

                                al-Zahir +                               (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (-1226)    35th Abbasid Caliph

                                Abou Malik -                        (Almohade Sultanate)                         (1223-)

                                Mamoun +                             (Almohade Sultanate)

                                Aquinas, Thomas                                                                  1225-1274               Churchman/Philosopher

                                Pisano, Nicola                                                                         1225-1278

1226                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA ...   (1223-1236)

                                Diet of Cremona - Frederick II reasserts imperial claim to Lombardy

                                Lombard League immediately revived on news of Frederick II's claim to Lombardy

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1222-1229)1st       H. Sverker and Erik (Eriksson)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)            King in his own right 1227

                                Louis VIII le Lion -               (France)                                                 (1223-)    King

                                Louis IX (St. Louis) +          (France)                                                 (-1270)    King

                                Frederick II ...        (Germany)(Holy Roman Empire)(Sicily)            (1211-1250)            Emperor (Hohenstaufen) (5th)

                                al-Zahir -                                (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1225-)    35th Abbasid Caliph

                                al-Mustansir +                      (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

                                St. Francis of Assisi                                                                  1182-1226

1227                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA ...   (1223-1236)

                                WESTERN XIA -

                                Genghis Khan dies - his empire divides among his sons (8/18)

                                Frederick II embarks on crusade at the insistent demand of the new pope Gregory IX (9)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Henry III begins personal rule in England

                                Frederick II falls ill and turns back from crusade - Gregory IX excommunicates him

                                Mongols conquer Hsi-hsia

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1222-1229)1st       H. Sverker and Erik (Eriksson)

                                Henry III ...+                          (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Frederick II ...        (Germany)(Holy Roman Empire)(Sicily)            (1211-1250)            Emperor (Hohenstaufen) (5th)

                                Genghis Khan -                    (Mongol)                                               (1206-1227)            1st Great Khan     

                                Leszek the White -               (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                Ladislaus Spindleshanks + (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                al-Mustansir +                      (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

                                Honorius III -                       (Patriarchate of Rome)                        (1216-1227)

                                Gregory IX +                        (Patriarchate of Rome)                        (1227-1241)

                                Genghis Khan                                                                       1167-1227

1228                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE ...   (1209-1229)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA ...   (1223-1236)

                                SIXTH CRUSADE +   (1228-1229)

                                Sixth Crusade - Frederick II leads campaign - actually a "state visit" - a diplomatic victory

                                Treaty of Jaffa - Frederick II and Crusaders gain Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem

                                Treaty of Jaffa - Mosque of Omar left to the Moslems

                                Crusaders capture Jerusalem

                                Teutonic Knights begin conquering Prussia

                                Livonian Confederation forms from five small states by Papal Legate William of Modena (-1560)

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1222-1229)1st       H. Sverker and Erik (Eriksson)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

                                Conrad IV                                                                              1228-1254               Emperor (HRE)

1229                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE -   (1209-1229)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA ...   (1223-1236)

                                SIXTH CRUSADE -   (1228-1229)

                                Ten Year Truce - al- Kamil and Frederick II sign, ends Sixth Crusade (2/18)

                                James I of Aragon begins conquest of Balearic Islands (-1235)

                                Peace of Paris

                                Frederick II crowned King at Jerusalem

                                Pope Gregory IX denounces Treaty of Jaffa (Moslems soon violate it)

                                Pope Gregory IX sends papal army to invade Frederick II's kingdom

                                Frederick II returns from Holy Land

                                University of Toulouse established

                                Erik XI -                                  (Sweden)                                               (1222-1229)1st       H. Sverker and Erik                                           

                                Canute II +                            (Sweden)                                               (1229-1234)            H. Sverker and Erik (Lange)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Ladislaus Spindleshanks -  (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                Conrad of Mazovia +           (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                John of Brienne -                  (Jerusalem)                                            (1205-) 12th King

                                Frederick II ...                        (Jerusalem)(Sicily)(HRE)                     (1211-1250)            King (Hohenstaufen)

                                Ogadai +                                (Mongol)                                               (-1241)    Great Khan (son of Genghis)

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

                                Yaqut                                                                                    ????-1229              Geographer

1230                        Notre Dame nave reconstructed and flying buttresses added

                                Alhambra construction begins

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA ...   (1223-1236)

                                Castile unites with Leon

                                Treaty of San Germano - Frederick II makes important concessions to Pope Gregory IX

                                Battle of Klokotnica - Epirus defeated

                                Accession of Sun Dyata of Mali

                                Canute II ...                            (Sweden)                                               (1229-1234)            H. Sverker and Erik (Lange)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Sundiata +                             (Mali)

                                Alfonso IX -                          (Leon)

                                Leopold VI -                          (Austria)                                                Duke       The Glorious

                                Frederick II +                         (Austria)                                                Duke       The Fighter

                                Ottokar I -                              (Bohemia)                                              Premyslid  King

                                Wenceslaus II +                   (Bohemia)                                              Premyslid  King (Wenzel)

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

                                Carmina Burana                                                    Germany

                                Vogelweide, Walter von der                                               1170-1230               Composer                             

1231                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA ...   (1223-1236)

                                Frederick issues the Liber Augustalis - a new body of laws for Sicily

                                Liber Augustalis - humanized penal law and rationalized procedure

                                Canute II ...                            (Sweden)                                               (1229-1234)            H. Sverker and Erik (Lange)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

1232                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA ...   (1223-1236)

                                Earliest known use of rockets in war between Mongols and Chinese

                                Canute II ...                            (Sweden)                                               (1229-1234)            H. Sverker and Erik (Lange)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Conrad of Mazovia -            (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                Henry I the Bearded +         (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

1233                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA ...   (1223-1236)

                                Gregory IX establishes medieval inquisition to stamp out Albigensianism

                                Canute II ...                            (Sweden)                                               (1229-1234)            H. Sverker and Erik (Lange)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Ferdinand -                            (Flanders)                                              Count (from Portugal)

                                Thomas +                              (Flanders)                                              Count (from Savoy)

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

1234                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA ...   (1223-1236)

                                JIN -

                                Henry rebels against his father Frederick II

                                Mongols annex the Chin Empire in China

                                Sunjata, a Ghanaian royal hostage and magician  overthrows the usurper of 1224 - founds Mali Empire

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Sancho VI -                           (Navarre)                                               the Strong

                                Teobaldo I +                         (Navarre)

                                Canute II -                             (Sweden)                                               (1229-1234)            H. Sverker and Erik (Lange)

                                Erik XI +                                 (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

1235                        St. Francis with Scenes from his Life (Bonaventura Berlinghieri)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA ...   (1223-1236)

                                Frederick II easily deposes and imprisons his son Henry

                                Diet of Mainz - "Land Peace" of Frederick II - a towering monument of imperial legislation

                                Battle of Kirina - Mandinka Prince  Sundiata Keita defeats Sosso King Sumanguru Kanté

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Andrew II -                            (Hungary)                                              King 

                                Bela IV +                                (Hungary)                                              King 

                                Floris IV -                               (Holland)                                               Count

                                William II +                            (Holland)                                               Count

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

                                Sundiata Keita +                   (Mali)                                                     (-1255)    King

                                Lull, Raymond                                                                      1235-1315

                                Siger of Brabant                                                                   1235-1282

                                Kimhi, David (Redak)                                                          1160-1235

1236                        Second Figure Group - Reims Cathedral (1236-1260)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF VOLGA BULGARIA -   (1223-1236)

                                Frederick II launches a successful campaign against the Lombard cities

                                Christians capture Cordoba

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Alexander Nevski +             (Novgorod)                                           Prince

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

                                Shams ud din Iltutmish -     (Slave Dynasty)                                   (1211-)    India

                                Rukn ud din Firuz +-            (Slave Dynasty)                                   *****    India

                                Raziyyat ud din Sultana +   (Slave Dynasty)                                   (-1240)    India

                                De Coincy, Gautier                                                               1177-1236

1237                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF RUS +   (1237-1240)

                                Conrad IV elected King of the Romans at Vienna after the deposition of his brother Henry

                                Archbishop Siegfried II of Mainz acts as regent for Conrad IV (-1241)

                                Batu Khan burns Karaysk

                                First record of Colln (half of Berlin)

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Conrad IV +                           (German Kingdom)                               (-1254)    King Hohenstaufen (6th)

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

1238                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF RUS ...   (1237-1240)

                                James I of Aragon conquers Valencia

                                Mongols take Moscow

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Mamoun -                              (Almohade Sultanate)

                                Mahommed I +                     (Granada)

                                Yuri II -                                   (Vladimir)                                               Grand Duke

                                Yaroslav II +                         (Vladimir)                                               Grand Duke

                                Henry I the Bearded -          (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                Henry II the Pious +            (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

                                Halle, Adam de la                                                                 1238-1287               Composer

1239                        Ganesha (Bara) (1161 India?)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) ...   (1130-1240)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF RUS ...   (1237-1240)

                                Pope Gregory IX allies with the Lombards against Frederick II and excommunicates him (3)

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Edward I Plantagenet                                                          1239-1307               King of England

1240                        Evereux Shrine of St. Taurin (-1453)

                                Chartres Cathedral begins reconstruction

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                NORWEGIAN CIVIL WAR (BORGERKRIGSTIDA) -   (1130-1240)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF RUS -   (1237-1240)

                                Battle of the Neva - Alexander Nevski defeats the Swedes (7/15)

                                Skule Bardsson's rebellion in Norway fails - end of the Norwegian Civil War

                                Raziyyat ud din Sultana murdered by the "Forty" - only woman to rule Delhi

                                End of Empire of Ghana - incorporated into the Kingdom of Mali

                                Mongols capture Moscow

                                Mongols destroy Kiev

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

                                Raziyyat ud din Sultana -    (Slave Dynasty)                                   (1236-)

                                Muiz ud din Bahram +         (Slave Dynasty)                                   (-1242)

                                Motet becomes important polyphonic composition

                                Sumer canon

                                Arnold of Villanova                                                             1240-1313

                                Franco of Cologne                                                               1240-1280               Musician

                                Pepo, Cenni di (Cimabue)                                                   1240-1302

                                Fibonacci, Leonardo                                                            1170-1240

1241                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF EUROPE +   (1241-1242)

                                Battle of Legnica - Mongol victory against Polish/German in Silesia - Henry II Pious  is beheaded (4/9)

                                Battle of Mohi - Mongol victory in Hungary (4/11)

                                Frederick II captures a general council  en route from Genoa to Rome (5)

                                Frederick II at the gates of Rome when Pope Gregory IX dies (8/22)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Henry Raspe acts as regent to Conrad IV at the death of Archbishop Siegfried II of Mainz

                                Mongol sack of the Second Bulgarian Empire

                                Mongol sack of Poland

                                Wenceslaus defends Moravia from Mongol invasion under Batu Khan

                                Ogedai Khan dies

                                Mongols withdraw from Europe following the death of Ogadai Khan

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Valdemar II -                          (Denmark)                                              Sejr the Victorious

                                Eric IV +                                 (Denmark)                                              the Plowpenny

                                John Asen II -                       (Bulgaria)                                               King Asen Dynasty

                                Kaliman I +                            (Bulgaria)                                               King Asen Dynasty

                                Henry II the Pious -             (Duchy of Wroclaw)                            Piast Dynasty  (killed in Battle)

                                Conrad of Mazovia +           (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                al-Mustansir ...                     (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

                                Ogadai -                                 (Mongol)                                               (1229-)    Great Khan (son of Genghis)

                                Gregory IX -                         (Patriarchate of Rome)                        (1227-1241)

                                Celestine IV +-                     (Patriarchate of Rome)                       *****

                                Sturluson, Snorri                                                                  1179-1241

1242                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                MONGOL INVASION OF EUROPE -   (1241-1242)

                                Battle of Lake Peipus (Battle of the Ice)- Alexander Nevski defeats the Teutonic Knights (4/5)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Batu Khan establishes Mongol kingdom of the "Golden Horde" on lower Volga River (southern Russia)

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                al-Mustansir -                       (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1226-1242)            36th Abbasid Caliph

                                al-Musta'sim +                      (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (-1258)    37th Abbasid Caliph (executed)

                                Muiz ud din Bahram -          (Slave Dynasty)                                   (1240-)    India

                                Ala ud din Masud +            (Slave Dynasty)                                   (-1246)    India

                                Batu +                                    (Golden Horde)                                     lower Volga

1243                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Siege of Viterbo - Cardinal Ranieri has imperial troops slaughtered even after they were to be removed (11/13)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Frederick II offers sweeping concessions to Pope Innocent IV and his allies - but the agreement is delayed

                                Egyptians capture Jerusalem from the Christians

                                Battle of Kosedagh - Genghis Khan defeats Seljuks - Anatolia under Mongol suzerainty.

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Conrad of Mazovia -            (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                Boleslaus the Chaste +       (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty 

                                Innocent IV +                        (Patriarchate of Rome)                         (1243-1254)            Rome

1244                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                First record of Berlin

                                Pope Innocent IV flees to Lyons

                                Jerusalem falls to wandering band of Khwarezmians (Malik al-Muattam)  with tacit support of Ayyubids in Cairo

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Joanna -                                 (Flanders)                                              Countess

                                Thomas -                               (Flanders)                                              Count (from Savoy)

                                Margaret +                            (Flanders)                                              Countess

                                Frederick II -(++)  (Jerusalem)(Sicily)(HRE)     (1229-)    King (Hohenstaufen)

1245                        Paradise Portal -Wise and Foolish Virgins - Magdeburg Cathedral

                                Notre Dame towers completed

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                I Lyons Council - Pope Innocent IV and council declare Frederick II deposed

                                I Lyons Council - Pope Innocent IV gives enemies of Frederick II the privileges of Crusaders

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Sancho II -                             (Portugal)                                              House of Burgundy

                                Alfonso III +                         (Portugal)                                              House of Burgundy

                                Alexander of Hales                                                              1185-1245

1246                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Election of Henry Raspe as antiking at behest of Pope Innocent IV plunges Germany into disorder

                                Election of antiking Conrad IV(s. Frederick II)  plunges Germany into civil war

                                Austria to the Empire (-1248)

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Henry Raspe +                      (Holy Roman Empire)                          antiking

                                Conrad IV +                           (Holy Roman Empire)                          antiking

                                Frederick II -                          (Austria)                                                Duke       The Fighter

                                Yaroslav II -                          (Vladimir)                                               Grand Duke

                                Andrey +                               (Vladimir)                                               Grand Duke

                                Kaliman I -                             (Bulgaria)                                               King Asen Dynasty

                                Michael Asen +                    (Bulgaria)                                               King Asen Dynasty

                                Ala ud din Masud -             (Slave Dynasty)                                   (1242-)    India

                                Nasir ud din Mahmud +      (Slave Dynasty)                                   (-1266)    India

1247                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Disorder in Germany increases after William, Count of Holland, becomes antiking on Raspe's death

                                Hesse emerges as a landgraviate immediately subject to the HRE under a branch of the house of Brabant

                                War between Frederick II and papal allies in Italy (-1250)

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Henry Raspe -                       (Holy Roman Empire)                          antiking

                                William +                               (Holy Roman Empire)                          antiking  count of Holland

1248                        Cologne Cathedral begins construction

                                Sainte-Chapelle in Paris begins construction

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                SEVENTH CRUSADE +   (1248-1254)

                                Battle of Parma - Frederick II's forces are routed by Guelphs  while he is away at a hunting party (2/18)

                                Egyptain Crusade II (Seventh Crusade) - Louis IX leads campaign (-1270)

                                William II becomes king of Germany (Holy Roman Empire)

                                Almohads loses city of Seville to Christians

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Herman von Baden +           (Austria)                                                Duke

                                Dies irae                                                                 Thomas of Celano

1249                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                SEVENTH CRUSADE ...   (1248-1254)

                                Battle of Fossalta - Ghibelline forces  under Enzio, K. of Sardinia  are defeated by Guelphs (Bologna)  (5/26)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Erik XI ...                                (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Alexander II -                        (Scotland)

                                Alexander III +                      (Scotland)

                                Erik Eriksson -                       (Sweden)                                               House of Sverker and Erik

1250                        Sicilian School of Poetry (Frederick II's Court)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                SEVENTH CRUSADE ...   (1248-1254)

                                Erik XI King of Sweden dies (2/2)

                                Battle of Al Mansurah - French Crusader victory over Ayyubid army under Emir Fakr-ed-din (2/8)

                                Battle of Fariskur - Ayyubid forces defeat French crusading army under Louis IX - captured (4/6)

                                Louis IX King of France is released by Egyptains after giving up Damietta and paying 1 million dinars (4/30)

                                Eric IV Plovpenning King of Denmark dies (9)

                                Frederick II dies of dysentery at Castel Fiorentino in Puglia - death knell fro the Hohenstaufen dynasty (12/13)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Battle of Cingoli - HRE defeats Guelphs/Papal alliance

                                Beginning of the HR imperial interregnum (-1273)

                                Conrad IV declared Holy Roman Emperor (-1254)

                                Anarchy in Austria - several claimants to the throne (-1253)

                                Saracens capture Louis IX in Egypt and hold him for ramsome

                                Rise of Mamluk sultanate in Egypt and Syria (-1260)

                                Gun first used around this time

                                Erik XI -                                  (Sweden)                                               (1234-1250)2nd     H. Sverker and Erik

                                Valdemar I +                          (Sweden)                                               (1250-1275)            H.  Folkung (Birgersson)   

                                Birger Jarl +                           (Sweden)                                               (1250-1266)            Regent (H. Bjelbo)

                                Haakon IV ...                         (Norway)                                               (1217-1263)            King

                                Eric IV -                                  (Denmark)                                              (1241-1250)            King the Plowpenny

                                Abel +                                    (Denmark)                                              (1250-1252)            King

                                Alexander III ...                     (Scotland)                                              (1249-1286)            King

                                Llywelyn the Last ...            (Gwynedd)                                            (1246-1282)            Prince

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)            in his own right 1227

                                Walter de Gray ...                 (Archbishopric of York)                      (1216-1255)            Archbishop

                                Boniface of Savoy ...           (Archbishopric of Canterbury)          (1240-1270)            Archbishop

                                Margaret II ...                        (Flanders)                                              (1244-1278)            Countess

                                Louis IX ...                             (France)                                                 (1226-1270)            King (Capetian)

                                John I ...                                 (Brittany)                                               (1237-1286)            Duke

                                Hugh II ...                              (Angouleme)                                         (1249-1260)            Count

                                Hugh IV ...                             (Burgundy)                                           (1218-1271)            Duke

                                Alfonso III ...                        (Portugal)                                              (1248-1279)            King

                                Ferdinand III ...                     (Castile)(Leon)                                      (1217-1252)            King

                                Theobald I ...                         (Navarre)                                               (1234-1253)            King

                                James I ...                               (Aragon)                                                (1213-1276)            King

                                Muhammed I ibn Alhamar ... (Granada)                                            (1232-1273)            Sultan

                                Umar ...                                   (Almohade Caliphate)                         (1248-1266)            Caliph

                                Frederick II -                          (Germany(HRE)(Jerusalem)(Sicily)(1211-1250)                Hohenstaufen (5th)

                                John I ...                                 (Brandenburg)                                      (1220-1266)            Margrave  (Ascanian Dyn.)

                                Otto III ...                               (Brandenburg)                                      (1220-1267)            Margrave  (Ascanian Dyn.)

                                Interregnum ...                      (HRE)                                                     (1246-1273)

                                Christian III von Weisenau  ...  (Archbishopric of Mainz)            (1249-1251)            Archbishop

                                Konrad von Hochstaden ...  (Archbishopric of Cologne)             (1238-1261)            Archbishop/Elector

                                Arnold II von Isenburg ...   (Archbishopric of Trier)                      (1242-1259)            Archbishop/Elector

                                Gerhard II of Lippe ...           (Archbishopric of Bremen) (1219-1258)            Archbishop

                                Wilbrand von Kasernberg ... (Archbishopric of Magdeburg)      (1235-1254)            Archbishop

                                Conrad IV +                           (Jerusalem)(Germany(Sicily)               (1250-1254)            King      

                                William II of Holland ...       (Germany)                                              (1247-1256)            elected king after FII's excomm

                                Otto II ...                                (Bavaria)(Palatinate of the Rhine)     (1231-1253)            Duke/C. Palatine (Wittelsbach)

                                Amadeus IV ...                      (Savoy)                                                  (1233-1253)            Count

                                Marino Morosini ...              (Venice)                                                 (1249-1252)            Doge

                                Innocent IV +                        (Patriarchate of Rome)                         (1243-1254)            Pope

                                Adelasia of Torres ...           (Guidicato of Lugudoro/Gallura)       (1236-1259)(1238-1259)        Last Guidicessa

                                Marianus II ...                       (Guidicato of Arborea)                        (1240-1297)            Guidice

                                William of Capraia ...            (Guidicato of Arborea)                        (1241-1255)            Regent

                                Wenceslaus I ...                    (Bohemia)                                              (1230-1253)            King

                                Andreas von Stierland ...    (Livonian Brothers of the Sword)      (1248-1253)            Master

                                ??????????                            (Semigallian Kingdom)                        ????-????               King

                                Mindaugas ...                        (Lithuania)                                             (1236-1263)            Grand Duke, King in 1253

                                Boleslaw V the Chaste ...    (Poland)                                                 (1243-1279)            Prince

                                Henryk III ...                          (Breslau Wroclaw)                               (1248-1270)            Duke

                                Béla IV...                                (Hungary)                                              (1235-1270)            King (Arpad)

                                ???????????                          (Archbishopric of Esztergom)            (????-????)            Archbishop

                                Michael II Asen                   (Bulgaria)                                               (1246-1257)            King

                                Alexander Nevsky ...           (Novgorod/Vladimir)                           (1236-1263)            Grand Prince

                                Danylo of Halych ...             (Kiev)(Halych/Volynia)                       (1238-1264)            Grand Prince

                                Batu Khan ...                         (Blue/Golden Horde)                           (1240-1255)            Khan

                                Baldwin II ...                          (Latin Empire of Constantinople)      (1237-1261)            Emperor

                                John III Doukas Vatatzes ... (Empire of Nicaea)                              (1221-1254)            Emperor

                                Manuel I Megas Komnenos ...   (Empire of Trebizond) (1238-1263)            Emperor

                                Michael II Komnenos ...      (Despotate of Epirus)(Thessaly)       (1230-1268)(1241-1268)        Despotes

                                William II Villehardouin ...  (Principality of Achaea)                      (1246-1278)            Prince

                                David IV Narin ...  (Kingdom of Georgia)GO                    (1245-1293)            King (Bagrationi)

                                David VII Ulu ...                    (Kingdom of Georgia)GO                    (1247-1270)            Co-King

                                Ahsitan II ...                          (Shirvanshah)                                       (124?-1260)

                                Hethum I of Armenia ...       (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1226-1270)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid

                                Bohemond V ...                     (Principality of Antioch)(Tripoli)       (1233-1251)            Prince/Count

                                Robert of Nantes ...              (Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem)       (1240-1254)            Patriarch

                                Peter of Sergines ...              (Latin Archbishopric of Tyre)            (????-1253)            Archbishop

                                Henry                                     (Latin Archbishopric of Nazareth)    (1244-1268)            Archbishop

                                Lociaumes ...                         (Latin Archbishopric of Caesarea)    (1244-1266)            Archbishop

                                ????????????                        (Latin Archbishopric of Petra)           (????-????)            Archbishop

                                Ignatius III David                 (Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate)           (1222-1252)            Patriarch

                                Kay Ka'us II ...                      (Sultanate of Rum)                               (1246-1260)            Sultan (west of Kizil Irmak R.)

                                Kilij Arslan IV...                    (Sultanate of Rum)                               (1248-1265)            Sultan

                                Kay Qubadh II ...                  (Sultanate of Rum)                               (1249-1257)            Sultan

                                Mar Sabrisho V Bar Almassihi ... (Assyrian Patriarchate)             (1226-1256)            Patriarch

                                Ala'ud din Muhammed III ... (Ismaili Imamate)                                (1221-1255)            Hashshashin (Nizari) Imam

                                Al-Musta'sim ...                    (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1242-1258)            Caliph

                                Aybak +                 (Mamluk Bahri Sultanate)   (1250-1257)            Sultan

                                Al-Ashraf II +                       (Ayyubid Sultanate)                            (1550-1254)           

                                al-Mansur Umar I ...             (Rasulid Dynasty)                                (1229-1250)            Sultan

                                Nasir ud din Mahmud ...     (Sultanate of Delhi)                              (1246-1266)            8th Sultan (Slave Dynasty)

                                ???????????                          (Chutiya Kingdom)                              (????-????)            King

                                ???????????                          (Kamata Kingdom)                               (????-????)

                                Sukaphaa                               (Ahom Kingdom)                                 (1228-1268)            1st King

                                ???????????                          (Karachi Kingdom)                              (????-????)            King

                                Kannara ...                             (Suena Yadava Dynasty)                    (1247-1261)            King

                                Ganapathideva ...                 (Telangana Kakatiya Dynasty)          (????-1261)            King

                                Vira Someshwara ...              (Hoysala Empire)                                  (1235-1254)            King

                                Kopperunchinga II ...          (Kadava Kingdom)                              (1243-1279)            King (Pallava descendents)

                                Rajendra Chola III ...            (Chalukya Chola Empire)                    (1246-1279)            Last Chola King

                                Maaravaramban Sundara Pandiyan II ... (Pandyan Kingdom)      (1241-1251)            King

                                Oghul Ghaimish ...                (Mongol Empire)                                  (1248-1251)            Regent (w. Guyuk Khan)

                                Lizong ...                                (Song China)                                         (1224-1264)            Emperor

                                ?????????                              (Kingdom of Dali)                                (????-????)

                                Gojong ...                               (Goryeo)                                                (1213-1259)            23rd King

                                Go-Fukakusa ...                     (Japan)                                                   (1246-1260)            89th Emperor

                                Kujo Yoritsugu ...                 (Kamakura Shogunate)                       (1244-1252)            5th Shogun

                                Hojo Tokiyori ...                   (Kamakura Shogunate)                       (1246-1256)            5th Shikken (regent)

                                Kyaswa -                               (Pagan)                                                  (1234-1250)            King

                                Uzana +                                  (Pagan)                                                  (1250-1255)            King

                                Pho Kun Si Indrathit ...        (Sukhothai Kingdom)                          (1249-1257)            1st King (1238?)

                                Jayavarman VIII ...               (Khmer Empire)                                     (1243-1295)            King

                                Thai Tong                             (Dai Viet)                                               (1226-1258)

                                 ??????????????                    (Srivijaya Empire)                 (????-????)

                                Shajar al-Durr +                    (Mamluk Bahri Sultanate)   (1250-1257)            Sultana (w. Aybak)

                                Ars Antiqua Style

                                Abano, Pietro d’                                                                   1250-1316

                                Dubois, Peter                                                                        1250-1312

                                Halle, Adam de la                                                                 1250-1306               Playwright/Trouvere (Arras, France)

                                Frederick II                                                                            1194-1250               Holy Roman Emperor

1251                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                SEVENTH CRUSADE ...   (1248-1254)

                                Conrad IV removes to Italy and is well received in Sicily - brings order by taking Capua and Naples

                                Bohemond V -                       (Principality of Antioch)(Tripoli)     (1233-1251)         Prince/Count

                                Bohemond VI +                    (Principality of Antioch)(Tripoli) (1251-1268)             Prince/Count (-1275)

                                Oghul Ghaimish -               (Mongol Empire)                  (1248-1251)         Regent (w. Guyuk Khan)

                                Mongke +                              (Mongol Empire)                  (1251-1259)         Great Khan

1252                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                SEVENTH CRUSADE ...   (1248-1254)

                                Gold begins to supplant silver as Europe's main currency

                                Mongols conquer Nan-chao and eastern Tibet

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Abel -                                     (Denmark)

                                Christopher I +                    (Denmark)

                                Ferdinand III -                      (Castile)                                                                the Saint

                                Alfonso X +                           (Castile)                                                                (-1284)   the Wise

1253                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                SEVENTH CRUSADE ...   (1248-1254)

                                William of Rubruck sets out on mission to Central Asia to convert Mongols - fourth Mongol mission (5)

                                ---------------------------------------------------------

                                Zenith of Bohemia under Ottokar the Great (-1258)

                                Dali Kingdom in Yunnan is destroyed by Mongol invasion

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227c

                                Teobaldo I -                           (Navarre)

                                Teobaldo II +                         (Navarre)

                                Ottokar II +                          (Austria)                                               King (of Bohemia)

                                Wenceslaus II -                    (Bohemia)                                             Premyslid  King (Wenzel)

                                Ottokar II the Great +        (Bohemia)                                             (-1278)   Premyslid  King

                                Andrey -                                (Vladimir)                                             Grand Duke

                                Aleksandr Nevsky +           (Vladimir)                                             (-1263)   Grand Duke

                                Grosseteste, Robert                                                             1175-1253               Sholastic Philosopher (England)

1254                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                SEVENTH CRUSADE -   (1248-1254)

                                Conrad IVexcommunicated by Pope Innocent IV

                                The Great Interregnum in Germany - Richard Earl of Cornwall vs. Alfonso X of Castile for crown (-1273)

                                Italy no longer subject to Holy Roman Empire

                                Mongols conquer Yunnan

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                John III Ducas Vatatzes -(Byzantine Empire)                                (1222-)

                                Theodore II +                        (Byzantine Empire)                             (-1258)

                                Conrad IV -                           (HRE)(Sicily)(Jerusalem)                  (1237-)   (Hohenstaufen) (6th)

                                Innocent IV -                                                                                         (1243-)

                                Alexander IV +                                                                                      (-1261)

                                Polo, Marco                                                                          1254-1324              

                                Conrad IV                                                                              1228-1254               Emperor (HRE)

1255                        The Angel Choir - Lincoln Cathedral (1255-1280)

                                Bargello Palazzo in Florence construction begins (oldest palazzo surviving in Florence)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Walter de Gray, Archishop of York dies (5/1)

                                Albert I of Germany is born (7)

                                ------------------------------------------------------

                                Death of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln - precipitates persecution of the Jews in England

                                Last Cathar stronghold in France is defeated

                                Duchy of Bavaria split into Upper and Lower Bavaria

                                Portuguese capital is moved to Lisbon

                                Theodore II Lascaris campaigns against Bulgarians to regain  Thrace

                                Mongke Khan dispatches Hulagu Khan to conquer  remaining Muslim strongholds in Southwest Asia

                                Hulagu Khan's Suthwest Asian Expedition begins

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Sundiata Keita -                   (Mali)                                                     (1235-1255)   King

                                Buoninsegna, Duccio di                                                     1255-1319

1256                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Prince Llewellen sweeps English from Wales

                                Pope Alexander IV founds the Augustinian Order from several groups of hermits

                                Mogols conquer Assassin sect in Persia

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                William -                                (Holy Roman Empire)                          antiking  count of Holland 

                                William II -                             (Holland)                                               Count

                                Floris V +                               (Holland)                                               Count

1257                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Second Genoan War breaks out between Genoa and Venice

                                City of Krakow is rebuilt by Bolesas V of Poland after Mongol(Tatar) Invasion of 1241

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Michael Asen -                     (Bulgaria)                                               King Asen Dynasty

1258                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Baghdad falls to Mongols under Hulagu Khan - Abbassids flee to Egypt - ends Abbasid secular rule (2/10)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Treaty of Corbeil - James I of Aragon gives up several claims in S. France, Louis IX gives up Catalonia

                                Mongols conquer Korea

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Theodore II -                         (Byzantine Empire)                               (1254-)

                                John IV +                               (Byzantine Empire)                               (-1259)

                                al-Musta'sim -                       (Abbasid Caliphate)                            (1242-)    37th Abbasid Caliph (executed)

                                Constantine Asen +            (Bulgaria)                                               King Asen Dynasty

                                Andronicus II Palaeologus                                                1258-1332               Byzantine Emperor

                                Osman I                                                                                 1258-1326               Ottoman Dynasty founder

1259                        Sebastocrator Kalojan and Sebastocratoress Desislava (Boiana Church)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Battle of Pelagonia - Michael VIII defeats Latins (9)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Möngke Khan killed by cannon fire in Chongqing

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                John IV -                                (Byzantine Empire)                               (1258-1259)

                                Michael VIII +                       (Byzantine Empire)                               (1259-1282)            Palaeologus

                                Christopher I -                      (Denmark)

                                Eric V +                                  (Denmark)                                              Klipping

                                Mongke -                               (Mongol Empire)                                  Great Khan

1260                        Westminster Abbey Retable (1260-1270)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Battle of Ain Jalut - Mamluks stop the Mongols advance in Palestine  (9/3)

                                Battle of Montaperti - Ghibelline victory - Siena defeats Florence   (9/4)

                                Qutuz, Mamluk Bahri Sultan is assassinated while on a hunt chase with Baibars men (10/24*)

                                Chartres Cathedral is finally dedicated by Louis IX (10/24*)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Kublai, Mongol leader is elected khan by his army at Shan-tu in China

                                Yuan dynasty begins in China (-1368)

                                Niccolo and Maffeo Polo set out from Constantinople to Sudak in the Crimea to trade jewels etc.

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Hethum I of Armenia ...       (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1226-1270)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid

                                Qutuz -                                  (Mamluk Bahri Sultanate)                (1259-1260)         Sultan

                                Baibars +                              (Mamluk Bahri Sultanate)                (1260-1277)         Sultan (al-Bunduqdari)

                                Kublai Khan +                      (Mongol Empire)                  (-1294)   Great Khan          

                                Nicola Pisano at pulpit of baptistry, Pisa

                                Ars cantus mensurabilis                                     Franco of Cologne

                                Eckhart, Meister                                                                   1260-1327

1261                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Michael VIII retakes Constantinople - end of Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-1261)

                                Paleologue dynasty in Byzantine Empire (-1453)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Alexander IV -                       (Patriarchate of Rome)                        (1254-1261)

                                Urban IV +                             (Patriarchate of Rome)                        (1261-1264)

                                Hethum I of Armenia ...       (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1226-1270)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid

1262                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                BERKE-HULAGU WAR +   (1262-1267)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Hethum I of Armenia ...       (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1226-1270)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid

                                Le Jeu de la Feuillee                                             Adam de la Halle (1276) (1277)

1263                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                BERKE-HULAGU WAR ...   (1262-1267)

                                Norway gives up the Hebrides to the Scots

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Aleksandr Nevsky -             (Vladimir)                                               (1253-)    Grand Duke (Novgorod)

                                Yaroslav of Tver +               (Vladimir)                                               Grand Duke

                                Haakon IV -                           (Norway)

                                Magnus VI +                         (Norway)                                               the Lawmender

                                Hethum I of Armenia ...       (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1226-1270)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid

1264                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                BERKE-HULAGU WAR ...   (1262-1267)

                                SECOND BARON'S WAR +   (1264-1267)

                                Battle of Lewes - Simon de Montfort and other English barons defeat Henry III

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Hethum I of Armenia ...       (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1226-1270)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid

                                Urban IV -                             (Patriarchate of Rome)                        (1261-1264)

                                Beauvais, Vincent de                                                           1190-1264

1265                        Madonna & Child (Coppo di Marcovaldo)

                                Presentation and Flight into Egypt (Nicola Psano) (-1268)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                BERKE-HULAGU WAR ...   (1262-1267)

                                SECOND BARON'S WAR ...   (1264-1267)

                                Battle of Evesham - Henry III's som Edward defeats and kills Simon de Montfort (8/4)

                                De Montfort's Parliament - burgesses from major towns summoned to Parliament for first time

                                 Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                 Hethum I of Armenia ...       (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1226-1270)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid

                                 Berke Khan ...                       (Golden/Blue Horde)                           (1257-1266)

                                 Hulagu Khan -                      (Il-Khanate)                                           (1256-1265)           

                                 Abaqa Khan +                      (Il-Khanate)                                           (1265-1282)

                                 Alghu ...                                 (Chagatai Khanate)                              (1260-1266)            Khan

                                 Kubilai Khan ...                        (Empire of the Great Khan)                 (1260-1294)            5th Khagan

                                 Kaidu ...                                   (Empire of the Great Khan)                  (1260-1301)            rival of Kubilai

                                Clement IV +                        (Patriarchate of Rome)                        (1265-1268)

                                Alighieri, Dante                                                                    1265-1321

1266                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                BERKE-HULAGU WAR ...   (1262-1267)

                                SECOND BARON'S WAR ...   (1264-1267)

                                Charles of Anjou arrives in Naples and begins two centuries of Angevin rule in southen Italy

                                Anjou cadet line in Sicily-Naples (-1268)

                                Marco, Niccolo, and Maffeo Polo journey eastward to Kublai Khan's eastern capital at Kaifeng (1271)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Hethum I of Armenia ...       (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1226-1270)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid

                                Nasir ud din Mahmud -       (Slave Dynasty)                                   (1246-)

                                Ghiyas ud din Balban +       (Slave Dynasty)                                   (-1286)

                                Scotus, John Duns                                                              1266-1308

1267                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                BERKE-HULAGU WAR -   (1262-1267)

                                SECOND BARON'S WAR -   (1264-1267)

                                Giotto                                                                                     1267-1337               Painter

1268                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                BATTLE OF XIANGYANG +   (1268-1273)

                                Battle of Rakovor - Russian princes defeat Livonian branch of Teutonic Knights (2/18)

                                Muslims from Egypt capture Antioch, held by Christians (5/18)

                                Execution of Conradin (10/29)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Papacy vacant until 1271

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Hethum I of Armenia ...       (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1226-1270)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid

                                Kertanagara +                       (Java)

                                Clement IV -                        (Patriarchate of Rome)                        (1265-1268)                                                        

1269                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                BATTLE OF XIANGYANG ...   (1268-1273)

                                Niccolo &Maffeo Polo reach Acre from Ayas - coming back from Kubilai's court - 3 year journey west (4)

                                Niccolo and Maffeo Polo learn that Pope Clement IV is dead therefore the mission to Kubilai must wait (4)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                James I of Aragon's crusade to Palestine is unsuccessful

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Hethum I of Armenia ...       (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1226-1270)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid

                                Mengu-Timur ...                   (Golden/Blue Horde)                           (1266-1282)            Khan     

                                Abaqa Khan ...                     (Il-Khanate)                                           (1265-1282)            Khan

                                Barak ...                                  (Chagatai Khanate)                              (1266-1271)            Khan

                                Kubilai Khan ...                     (Empire of the Great Khan)                 (1260-1294)            5th Khagan

                                Kaidu ...                                 (Empire of the Great Khan)                  (1260-1301)            rival of Kubilai

                                Vacancy                                 (Patriarchate of Rome)                         (1268-1271)

1270                        Madonna Enthroned (Cimabue) (1280)

                                Opus maius (Roger Bacon)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                BATTLE OF XIANGYANG ...   (1268-1273)

                                EIGHTH CRUSADE +-   (1270)

                                Louis IX dies with the word "Jerusalem" on his lips(8/25)

                                Condemnation of 1270- Bishop Stephen Tempier supresses Aristotle/Averroes - birth of modern science? (12)

                                Tunis Crusade

                                Sicilian Vespers

                                Yekuno Amlak of the Solomonid dynasty overthrows last ruler of the Zagwe dynasty in Ethiopia (-1974)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Louis XI (St. Louis)  -          (France)                                                 (1226-)    King

                                Philip III le Hardi +               (France)                                                 (-1285)    King (the Bold)

                                Teobaldo II -                         (Navarre)

                                Henry I +                               (Navarre)

                                Bela IV -                                 (Hungary)                                              King 

                                Stephen V +                          (Hungary)                                              King 

                                Hethum I of Armenia -         (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1226-1270)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid

                                Leo III +                 (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1270-1289)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid

                                English musicians in Paris

                                Petrus de Cruce active

                                Cantigas de Santa Maria

                                Bamberg Codex                                                    Motets

                                Cascia, Giovanni da                                                             1270-                       Musician

                                de Cruce, Petrus                                                                   1270-1300               Musician

1271                        Tomb of Pope Clement IV (Pietro Oderisi) (1271-1274)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                BATTLE OF XIANGYANG ...   (1268-1273)

                                NINTH CRUSADE AT ACRE +-   (1271)

                                Henry III ...                            (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Leo III ...                                (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)          (1270-1289)King (Lesser Armenia) Hethumid
                                Baibars ...                               (Mamluk Bahri Sultanate)   (1260-1277)            Sultan (al-Bunduqdari)

                                Thomas Bérard ...                 (Knights Templar)(Jerusalem)            (1256-1273)            Grand Master

                                Gregory X +                          (Patriarchate of Rome)                         (1271-1276)            Pope (of Piacenza)

1272                        Summa Theologica (St. Thomas Aquinas) (1270)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                BATTLE OF XIANGYANG ...   (1268-1273)

                                Henry III King of England dies after 45 year reign, Edward I succeeds (11/16)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Enzio, illegitimate son of Frederick II Hohenstaufen, dies - bringing an end to Hohenstaufen dynasty

                                Henry III -                              (England)                                               (1216-1272)  in his own right 1227

                                Edward I +                             (England)                                               (-1307)    King

                                Yaroslav of Tver -                (Vladimir)                                               Grand Duke

                                Basil +                                    (Vladimir)                                               Grand Duke

                                Stephen V -                           (Hungary)                                              King 

                                Ladislaus IV +                       (Hungary)                                              King 

                                Henry III Plantagenet                                                          1207-1272               King of England

1273                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                BATTLE OF XIANGYANG -   (1268-1273)

                                Holy Roman Interregnum ends

                                Rudolf I Hapsburg  +           (Holy Roman Empire)                         Hapsburg Dynasty (Emperor)

                                Mahommed I -                       (Granada)

                                Mahommed II +                    (Granada)

                                al Rumi, Jalal ad-din                                                             1207-1273               Persian Mystic Poet (Balkh)

1274                        Scientia Artis Musice  (Hélie Salomon)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                II Lyon Council - called by Gregory X - recommends that conclaves should be secret to avoid corruption

                                Union of Lyons

                                First Mogol invasion of Japan on Kublai Khan's order - Mongols fail to gain a foothold

                                Mongols raid Kyushu

                                Province of  Yunnan is created

                                Henry I -                                (Navarre)

                                Juana I +                                (Navarre)

                                al Tusi, Nasir Eddin                                                             1201-1274              

                                Aquinas, Thomas                                                                1225-1274               Churchman/Philosopher

                                Bonaventure                                                                         1221-1274               Churchman

1275                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Marco Polo's party reaches Cambuluc (Peiping) - enters service of Kublai Khan (-1292)

                                Valdemar I -                           (Sweden)                                               House of Folkung (Birgersson)

                                Magnus I +                           (Sweden)                                               House of Folkung (Birgersson) Ladulas

                                Marsilius of Padua (Marsiglio)                                          1275-1342               Political Theorist (U. of Paris)

                                Raymond of Penafort                                                          1175-1275               Saint

1276                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Pope Adrian V dies five weeks after he is elected (8/18)

                                -------------------------------------------------------

                                Hapsburg Dynasty begins in Austria

                                Rudolf I HRE makes Braubach a free city under Count Gottfried of Eppstein

                                Innocent V becomes first Dominican pope - dies five months later

                                Pope Adrian V revokes conclave rules

                                James I -                                (Aragon)                                                (1213-)   King (the Conqueror)

                                Pedro III the Great +           (Aragon)                                                (-1285)

                                Ottokar II -                           (Austria)                                               King (of Bohemia)

                                Rudolf I HRE +                     (Austria)                                               (-1281)   Duke (Hapsburg) son of Albert IV

                                Basil -                                    (Vladimir)                                             Grand Duke

                                Demetrius +                         (Vladimir)                                             Grand Duke

                                Gregory X -                          (Patriarchate of Rome)                       (1271-1276)

                                Innocent V +-                        (Patriarchate of Rome)                       *****

                                Adrian V +-                           (Patriarchate of Rome)                       *****

                                John XXI +                           (Patriarchate of Rome)                       (1276-1277)

                                Giotto                                                                                     1276-1337

                                Madhua                                                                                 1197-1276

1277                        Charles of Anjou (Arnolfo di Cambio)

                                Liber Astronomicus (Guido Bonatti)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Visconti become lords of Milan - overthrow the Della Torre family (-1447)

                                Pope John XXI dies after eight months in office

                                Condemnation of 1277 - Roger Bacon, English Franciscan philosopher , is exiled for heresy (-1292)

                                Constantine Asen -             (Bulgaria)                                               King Asen Dynasty

                                John XXI -                           (Patriarchate of Rome)                         (1276-1277)

                                Nicholas III +                        (Patriarchate of Rome)                       (1277-1280)

1278                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Battle of the Marchfeld - Rudolf I of Austria defeats and kills Ottokar II of Bohemia (8/26)

                                Ottokar II the Great -            (Bohemia)                                              (1253-)    Premyslid  King

                                Wenceslaus II +                   (Bohemia)                                              Premyslid  King

                                Ivalio +                                   (Bulgaria)                                               King Asen Dynasty

                                Pisano, Nicola                                                                       1225-1278

1279                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                SOUTHERN SONG -

                                YUAN + (-1368)

                                Battle of Yamen - Yuan navy defeats Song dynasty in Guandong - Bing drowns with his minister (3/19)

                                Rudolf I surrenders claims to Sicily and the papal states

                                Mongols conquer southern Sung

                                Sung dynasy ends

                                Ivalio -                                    (Bulgaria)                                               King Asen Dynasty

                                Ivan III + Asen                     (Bulgaria)                                               King Asen Dynasty

                                Boleslaus the Chaste -        (Polish Kingdom)                 Piast Dynasty 

                                Keszek the Black +               (Polish Kingdom)                 Piast Dynasty  (Son of Casimir I of Cuyavia)

                                Alfonso III -                          (Portugal)                                              House of Burgundy

                                Diniz +                                    (Portugal)                                              House of Burgundy

                                Bing -                                     (Song China)                                         (1278-1279)            Emperor

1280                        Maesta - from Sta Trinita, Uffizi (Cimabue)

                                The Vierge Doree (Amiens Cathedral)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Yuan Dynasty (-1367)

                                Margaret -                             (Flanders)                                              Countess

                                Guy de Dampierre +            (Flanders)                                              Count

                                Ivan III - Asen                       (Bulgaria)                                               King Asen Dynasty

                                George I Terter +                (Bulgaria)                                               King Terter Dynasty

                                Magnus VI +                         (Norway)                                               the Lawmender

                                Eric II +                                  (Norway)              

                                Nicholas III -                         (Patriarchate of Rome)                       (1277-1280)

                                Martini, Simone                                                                    1280-1344

                                William of Occam                                                                 1280-1349               (1300-)

                                Albertus Magnus                                                                 1193-1280

                                Franco of Cologne                                                               1240-1280               Musician

1281                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                Second Mongol invasion of Kyushu (Japan) ends in disaster

                                Rudolf I -                               (Austria)                                                (1276-)    Duke (Hapsburg) son of Albert IV

                                Albert I +                               (Austria)                                                (-1308)    Duke (Hapsburg) (1282)

                                Martin IV +                          (Patriarchate of Rome)                       (1280-1285)

1282                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS +   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                Death of Michael VIII (12/11)

                                -------------------------------------------------------------------

                                Andronicus II renounces union of East and West Churches established at the 2nd Council of Lyons

                                Mongols attack Galicia

                                Michael VIII -                        (Byzantine Empire)                               (1259-)    Palaeologus

                                Andronicus II +                    (Byzantine Empire)                               (-1328)

                                Adam de la Halle follows Prince Charles d'Anjou to Naples

                                Siger of Brabant                                                                   1235-1282

1283                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                Edward I defeats and kills Llewellen, Prince of Wales and executes Llewellen's brother David - Wales conquered

                                Kublai Khan invades Khmer Empire ruled by Jayavarman VIII

1284                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                Statute of Rhuddlan - unites England and Wales after Edward I's conquest (3/3)

                                Battle of Meloria - Genoa defeats Pisa in naval battle -spells the end of Pisa as a major naval power (8/6) Su

                                ---------------------------------------------------------

                                Charles II of Naples in captured  by Roger of Lauria, admiral to Peter III of Aragon 

                                Nogai Khan leads second Mongol attack on Hungary

                                Qalawun, Mamluk sultan of Egypt signs ten year truce with city of Acre - broken in 1290

                                Alfonso X -                           (Castile)                                                 (1252-)    the Wise

                                Sancho IV +                          (Castile)                                                 (-1295)

                                Arghun Khan +                    (Il-Khanate)                                                           (1284-1291) Khan of the Levant

                                Robin et Marion                                                   Adam de La Halle

                                Edward II Plantagenet                                                         1284-1327               King of England

                                Alfonso X of Castille                                                           1221-1284

1285                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                Ifat sultanate under Umar Walashma conquers Shewa

                                Philip III le Hardi  -               (France)                                                 (1270-)    King (the Bold)

                                Philip IV le Bel +                   (France)                                                 (-1314)    King (the Fair)

                                Pedro III the Great -             (Aragon)                                                (1276-)

                                Alfonso III +                           (Aragon)

                                Martin IV -                             (Patriarchate of Rome)                       (1280-1285)

                                Honorius IV +                        (Patriarchate of Rome)                       (1285-1287)

1286                        Catholicon (John Balbi of Genoa) - religious Latin Dictionary (pub. 3/7)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                Alexander III of Scotland dies in a horse accident - leaving infant Margaret as his only heir (3/19)

                                Eric V -                                   (Denmark)                                              Klipping

                                Eric VI +                                 (Denmark)                                              Maendved                            

                                Alexander III -                       (Scotland)

                                Margaret +                            (Scotland)                                              the Maid of Norway

                                Ghiyas ud din Balban -        (Slave Dynasty)                                   (1266-1286)

                                Muiz ud din Qaiqabad +       (Slave Dynasty)                                   (1286-1290)

1287                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                THIRD YUAN MONGOL INVASION OF DAI VIET +    (1287-1288)                              

                                Mongol conquest of Pagan (Burma)

                                Honorius IV -                        (Patriarchate of Rome)                       (1285-1287)

                                Halle, Adam de la                                                                 1238-1287               Composer

1288                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                THIRD YUAN MONGOL INVASION OF DAI VIET -    (1287-1288)

                                Battle of Bach Dang - Dai Viet forces under Tran Hung Dao defeat Mongol invasion force at Bach Dang River

                                Friar John of Montecorvino becomes the first archbishop of Peking

                                Osman I +                              (Ottoman Empire)

                                Keszek the Black -                (Polish Kingdom)                                  Piast Dynasty  (Son of Casimir I of Cuyavia)

                                Henry Probus +                    (Polish Kingdom)                                  Piast Dynasty  (Son of Henry III of Silesia)

                                Nicholas IV +                        (Patriarchate of Rome)                       (1288-1292)

1289                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the County of Tripoli in Lebanon after a month long siege (4/29)

                                Battle of Campaldino - Guelphs defeat Ghibellines (6/11)

1290                        Christ and the Apostles (Pietro Cavallini)

                                Leaves of Southwell Minster - Chapter House (1290-1295)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                Struggle for the succession in Scotand after death of Margaret - thirteen people claim the throne

                                Edward I expels all Jews from England

                                Jalaluddin Firuz Khilji leads coup that ends Slave Dynasty - Second Delhi Sultanate (Khalji) established (-1320)

                                Ottomans break away from Seljuk rule

                                Margaret -                             (Scotland)                                              the Maid of Norway

                                Ladislaus IV -                        (Hungary)                                              King      

                                Andrew III +                         (Hungary)                                              King 

                                Magnus I -                            (Sweden)                                                House of Folkung (Birgersson) Ladulas

                                Birger II Magnusson +        (Sweden)                                               House of Folkung

                                Henry Probus -                     (Polish Kingdom)                                 Piast Dynasty  (Son of Henry III of Silesia)

                                Przemysi II +                         (Polish Kingdom)

                                Muiz ud din Qaiqabad -      (Slave Dynasty)                                      (1286-)

                                Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji +(Second Delhi Sultanate)                         Khilji Dynasty                     

                                de Muris, Jean                                                                      1290-1351                               Musician

1291                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                Rudolf I of Hapsburg dies (7/15)

                                Federal Charter of 1291 - League of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden - begins the Swiss Confederacy (8)

                                Scots ackowledge Edward I of England as suzerain - he arbitrates in succession dispute

                                Saracens (Muslims) capture Acre - last Christian stronghold in Palestine

                                End of Crusades

                                Vivaldi brothers (Genovese) set off for ten year voyage to India - explore African coast  (spring)

                                Rudolf I Hapsburg  -            (Holy Roman Empire)                          Emperor

                                Alfonso III -                          (Aragon)

                                James II +                              (Aragon)

                                Przemysi II -                          (Polish Kingdom)

                                Wenceslaus II +                   (Polish Kingdom)                                 Premyslid Dynasty (from Bohemia)

                                Arghun Khan -                     (Il-Khanate)                                           (1284-1291) Khan of the Levant

                                Gaykhatu +                            (Il-Khanate)                                           (1291-1295) Khan of the Levant

                                de Vitry, Philippe                                                  1291-1361                               Musician

1292                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                John Baillol becomes king of Scotland on Edward I's nomination

                                Marco Polo visits Perlak (Sumatra)

                                Marco Polo begins journey back to Venice (-1295)

                                John Balliol +                        (Scotland)                                              King

                                Adolf of Nassau +                 (Holy Roman Empire)                          Emperor (count of Nassau)

                                George I Terter -                (Bulgaria)                                               King Terter Dynasty

                                Smilitz +                               (Bulgaria)                                               King Terter Dynasty

                                Nicholas IV -                        (Patriarchate of Rome)                       (1288-1292)

                                Bacon, Roger                                                                        1214-1292

                                Sadi, Shiekh Musharrif ud-din                                           1200-1292

1293                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)       

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                Unsuccessful Mongol invasion of Java - Empire of Majapajit founded

                                Demetrius -                            (Vladimir)                                               Grand Duke

                                Andrey +                               (Vladimir)                                               Grand Duke

                                William of Rubruck                                                          c.1220-c1293              Francisc. Missionary/Explorer (Flanders)

1294                        The Phoenix (Abu Sa'id Ubaud Alla ibn Bakhtishu) (1294-1299)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                Kublai Khan dies (2/18)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Pope Celestine V resigns after five months

                                Kublai Khan -                       (Mongol Empire)                                  (1260-)    Great Khan

                                Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji -(Khilji Dynasty)                                         Second Delhi Sultanate

                                Ala ud din Khilji +                (Khilji Dynasty)                                    Second Delhi Sultanate

                                Celestine V +-                                                                                       hermit Peter of Morrone

                                Boniface VIII +                                                                                     (-1303)

                                Kublai Khan

1295                        Prayer book of Philip the Fair (Honore)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                Auld Alliance - betw. John B of (Scotland)  and Philip IV(France) - mutual protection against England (10/23)

                                Niccolo, Maffeo and Marco Polo return from Il-Khanate - Trebizond to Venice

                                Model Parliament of Edward I - knights and burgesses summond - first representative parliament

                                Sancho IV -                           (Castile)                                                 (1284-)

                                Ferdinand IV +                      (Castile)

                                Mahmud Ghazan +               (Il-Khanate)                                           (1295-1304)   Khan of the Levant

                                Temur Oljaitu +                     (Yuan China)                                         Ch'eng Tsung (grandson of  Kublai Khan)

                                Hillel of Verona                                                                     1220-1295

1296                        BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                FIRST WAR OF SCOTTISH INDEPENDENCE +   (1296-1328)

                                First War of Scottish Independence (-1328)

                                Edward I of England deposes John Baillol from Scottish throne

                                Interregnum in Scotland (-1306)

                                Conflict between Philip IV of France and pope Boniface VIII over papal powers in France (-1303)

                                John Balliol -                         (Scotland)                                              King (deposed)

                                Floris V -                                (Holland)                                               Count

                                John I +                                  (Holland)                                               Count

1297                        Palazzo Pubblico begins construction in Siena

                                Book of Various Experiences (Marco Polo)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                FIRST WAR OF SCOTTISH INDEPENDENCE ...   (1296-1328)

                                Battle of Cambuskenneth - Scottish patriot William Wallace defeats English army

                                Battle of Stirling - William Wallace defeats English army

1298                        Book of Various Experiences - (Il Milione) (Le devisament dou monde) (Marco Polo)

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                FIRST WAR OF SCOTTISH INDEPENDENCE ...   (1296-1328)

                                Battle of Curzola - Genoese fleet defeats Venetian fleet in the seas of southern Dalmatia (9/8)

                                Battle of Falkirk - Edward I defeats William Wallace and reconquers Scotland

                                Battle of Gollheim - Adolf of Nassau Holy Roman Emperor defeated and killed

                                Marco Polo dictates his Far Eastern experience to fellow prisoner Rustichello da Pisa

                                Adolf of Nassau -                 (Holy Roman Empire)                          Emperor (count of Nassau)

                                Albert I Hapsburg +            (Holy Roman Empire)                          (1298-1308)

1299                        Reims Cathedral completed

                                BYZANTINE-BULGARIAN WARS ...   (680-1355)

                                WAR OF THE SICILIAN VESPERS ...   (1282-1302)       Aragon, Trinacria  vs. Naples, France, Majorca

                                FIRST WAR OF SCOTTISH INDEPENDENCE ...   (1296-1328)

                                Count of Hainut assumes control of Netherlands (Holland) as John II

                                Marco Polo is finally released from prison

                                Eric II -                                   (Norway)

                                Haakon V Longlegs +          (Norway)

                                John I -                                   (Holland)                                               Count

 




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