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499 Athenian red-figure pottery
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS + (499-449)
Roman Siege of Fidenae
Romans capture Crustumeria
Praenests secedes from Latins to Rome
Ionian cities revolt against Persian rule with Athenian support
Titus Aebutius +- (Rome) (499) Consul
Gaius Vetusius +- (Rome) (499) Consul
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
498
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Quintus Cloelius +- (Rome) (498) Consul
Titus Larcius +- (Rome) (498) Consul
Amyntas I - (Macedon)
Alexander I + (Macedon)
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
497
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Roman Temple of Saturn dedicated - first celebration of Saturnalia (Livy)
Aulus Sempronius +- (Rome) (497) Consul
Marcus Minucius +- (Rome) (497) Consul
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
496
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Battle of Lake Regillus - Romans defeat the Tarquin faction for good
Aulus Postumius +- (Rome) (496) Consul (2nd Dictator)
Titus Verginius +- (Rome) (496) Consul
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
Sophocles 496-406
495 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Roman temple is dedicated to Mercury (5/15)
Tarquin Superbus dies in exile at Cumae
Roman tribes increased to twenty-one
Volscians and Hernici clamor for war against Rome
Appius Claudius +- (Rome) (495) Consul
Publius Servilius +- (Rome) (495) Consul
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
Protagoras 495-410
Zeno 495-430
494
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Miletus destroyed by Darius I - Ionian revolt crushed
Plebians in Rome revolt and win political rights from patricians
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
493 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Treaty between Rome and Latin League for defence against Etruscans
Themistocles + (Athens) archon
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
492
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Mardonius leads Persian invasion of Greece - fleet destroyed by storm
Themistocles - (Athens) archon
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
491
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
Ajatashatru + (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
490
Figure of Herakles from east pediment of Temple of Aphaia

Apollo of Veii
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Battle of Marathon - Persian expedition against Athens defeated (9)
Second Persian expedition against Greece
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
Empedocles 490-430
489
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
488
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
487
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
Athenian archons now selected by lot - decline of Areopagus
486
Tomb of Darius I - Naqsh-I Rustam (Persepolis)
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Darius I ... (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
485
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Xerxes I demands tribute from Greek states - most is refused
Darius I - (Persia) (522-485) King PC 23*
Xerxes I + (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
484
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Aeschylus wins his first prize for tragedy
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
Herodotus 484-420 Historian
483
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
Siddhartha Gautama ca. 563-483 Founder of Buddhism

482
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
481
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
480
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
FIRST SICILIAN WAR +- (480) Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)
Battle of Thermopylae - Greek rearguard destroyed (8/11)
Battle of Salamis - Greeks fleet defeats Persians (9)
Third Persian Expedition - Xerxes invades Greece with 180,000 men
Battle of Artemesium
Themistocles sole general
Battle of Himera - Carthaginian invasion of Sicily defeated
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
Antiphon 480-411
Gorgias 480-375
Euripides 480-406
479
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Battle of Platea - Greek army defeats Persian army
Battle of Mount Mycale - Persian fleet is destroyed
Persian Wars end
Persia loses Macedon, Thrace, and Cyrenaica
Athens and Piraeus fortified
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
K'ung Fu-tzu (Confucius) 551-479
478
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Delian League established to liberate Greek cities from Persian control
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
477
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Athens starts rise to power
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
476
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
SPRING and AUTUMN PERIOD - (770-476)
Archidamus II + (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King

Ji Gai (Jing Wang) - (China) Spring and Autumn
475
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
WARRING STATES PERIOD + (476-221)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I + (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King

Ji Ren (Yuan Wang) + (China) Spring and Autumn
Parmenides - opposition of reality (changeless) to appearance (changing)
Heraclitus of Ephesus 540-475
474
Delphic Charioteer GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
LATE CHOU + (474-250)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
473
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
472
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
471
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
470 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Themistocles ostracized
Carthaginian leader Hanno sails down African coast as far as Cameroon
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
469
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King

Ji Ren (Yuan Wang) - (China) Spring and Autumn
Socrates 469-399
Parmenides of Elea 539-469
468 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
THIRD MESSENIAN WAR + (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*

Zhending + (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
Mahavira 540-468
Simonides 556-468 467
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ... (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta
Land taken from Volscians in Antium divided among plebeian families - many hold out for land closer to Rome
Quintus Fabius invades Aequian territory - Aequians surrender but soon after invade Latium
Titus Aemilius +- (Rome) (467) Consul
Quintus Fabius +- (Rome) (467) Consul
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
466 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ... (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta
Second year of Roman campaign against Aequians
Battle of Eurymedon - Delian League led by Cimon defeats Persia
Quintus Servilius +- (Rome) (466) Consul
Spurius Postumius +- (Rome) (466) Consul
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Xerxes I ... (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
465 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ... (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta
Third year of the Roman campaign against the Aequians
Fabius' envoys to Aeqiuans are rebuffed as they send a force against Romans at Algidus
Battle of Algidus - both consular armies send Aequians on their heels
Roman Census: 104,714 (Livy 3.3)
Quintus Fabius +- (Rome) (465) Consul
Titus Quinctius +- (Rome) (465) Consul
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Xerxes I - (Persia) (485-465) King (Achaemenid) PC 24*
Artaxerxes I + (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
464 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ... (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta
Rome at war against combined Volscian/Aequian/Roman defector force
Massive earthquake in Peloponnese devastates Sparta
Cimon's 4000 hoplite force of assistance declined by Spartans - wary of democratic reforms in Athens
Aulus Postumius Albus +- (Rome) (464) Consul
Spurius Furius Fuscus +- (Rome) (464) Consul
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
463 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ... (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta
Plague in Rome kills thousands, including the two consuls for the year
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
462 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ... (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Ajatashatru ... (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
461 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ... (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta
Cimon ostracized from Athens
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pericles + (Athens) (461-429)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Ajatashatru - (Magadha Empire) (491-461) King
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
460 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ... (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta
Age of Pericles begins (-429)
First Peloponnesian War (460-451)
Egyptians rebel against Persian rule
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
Democritus 460-360
Hippocrates 460-377
Thucydides 460-400
Panini 520-460 Indian Grammarian (Gandhara)
Themistocles 524-460
459
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ... (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
Lysias 459-380
458
Agamemnon (Aeschylus)
Oresteia (Aeschylus)
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
THIRD MESSENIAN WAR - (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta
Beginning of Pericles' predominance
Sparta negotiates truce with the helots end of third Messenian War
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Line)
Pleistoanax + (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
457
Temple of Zeus (Olympia)
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
The "long walls" secure Athens from attack by land
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
456
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
Aeschylus 525-456
455
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
454
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Treasury of Delian League moved to Athens
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Alexander I - (Macedon)
Perdiccas II + (Macedon) (454-413) King
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
453
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Warring States in China (453-221)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
452 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
451
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Five Years' Peace between Athens and Sparta
Officials' salaries paid by state in Athens
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
450
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ... (499-449)
Twelve Tables of Rome, early code of Roman Law
Herodotus visits Egypt
Carthage develops new trading centers along north and west African coasts
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
Alcibiades 450-404
Aristophanes 450-388
449
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS - (499-449)
Peace of Callias - Athens makes peace with Persia - end of Persian Wars
Sacred War between Athens and Sparta over control of the oracle at Delphi (449-448)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
448 Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
447
Parthenon construction begins - work of the architect Ictinus
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
446
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Teres I ... (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
445
Thirty Years Peace - between Athens and Sparta (446)
Lex Canuleia - permits intermarriage between patrician and plebian orders (Roman)
Nehemiah the Prophet rebuilds walls of Jerusalem
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Teres - (Odrysian Thrace) (475-445) 1st King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
444
Consuls temporarily replaced by military tribunes in Rome
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
443
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
442
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending ... (Eastern Zhou) (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn
441
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Zhending - (Eastern Zhou) (468-441)28th King (Ji Jie) Spring & Autumn
Ai +- (Eastern Zhou) (441) Warring States
Si +- (Eastern Zhou) (441) Warring States
440
Plebians in Rome win right to marry patricians
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao + (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
Antisthenes 440-370
Yang Chu 440-360
Epicharmus 530-440
439
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
438
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
Pindar 522-438
437 Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
436
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
Isocrates 436-338
435
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
Aristippus of Cyrene 435-356
Phidias 500-435
434
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
Xenophon 434-355
433
Athens intervenes with Corcyra against Corinth
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
432
Parthenon construction complete
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
431
PELOPONNESIAN WAR + (431-404) First Phase -Archidamian War (431-421)
Peloponnesian War starts - Archidamian phase (431-421)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
430
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404) First Phase -Archidamian War (431-421)
Plague at Athens (430-429)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles ... (Athens) (461-429)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
Empedocles 490-430
Zeno 495-430
429
Oedipus Rex (Sophocles)
Acropolis construction complete
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404) First Phase -Archidamian War (431-421)
Pericles dies of the plague
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Pericles - (Athens) (461-429)
Cleon + (Athens)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
428
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404) First Phase -Archidamian War (431-421)
Archidamus II ... (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
Archytas of Tarentum 428-347
Anaxagoras of Clazomemae 500-428
427
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404) First Phase -Archidamian War (431-421)
Archidamus II - (Sparta) (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao ... (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
Plato 427-347
426
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404) First Phase -Archidamian War (431-421)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Kao - (Eastern Zhou) (440-426) King (Ji Wei) Warring States
425
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404) First Phase -Archidamian War (431-421)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I ... (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Ji Wu (Wei Lie Wang) + (China) Warring States
424
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404) First Phase -Archidamian War (431-421)
Xerxes II of Persia assassinated
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Artaxerxes I - (Persia) (465-424) King (Achaemenid) PC 25*
Xerxes II +- (Persia) (424) King (Achaemenid)
Sogdianus + (Persia) (424-423) King
423
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404) First Phase -Archidamian War (431-421)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Sogdianus - (Persia) (424-423) King
Darius II + (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
Cratinus 520-423
422
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404) First Phase -Archidamian War (431-421)
Cleon and Spartan general Brasidias killed at Amphipolis
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
421
Porch of the Erechthion (Acropolis) (421-407)
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404) First Phase -Archidamian War - (431-421)
Peace of Nicias - between Athens and Sparta - ends Archidamian Phase of Peloponnesian War
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
420
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
Herodotus 484-420
419
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
418
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
417
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
416
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
Melos destroyed by Athens
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
415
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
War between Athens and Sparta resumes
Syracusan expedition (415-413)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
414
Iphigenia in Tauris (Euripides)
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II ... (Macedon) (454-413) King
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
413
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
Athenian attack on Sicily fails - major defeat in which most of their ships are destroyed
Spartans establish fort in Attica
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Perdiccas II - (Macedon) (454-413) King Archelaus + (Macedon)
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
412
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
Diogenes 412-323
411
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
Revolution in Athens - Government of the Five Thousand siezes power - but democracy restored
Oligarchy of Four Hundred at Athens
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
Antiphon 480-411
410
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
SECOND SICILIAN WAR + (410-340) Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)
Alcibiades defeats Spartans off Cyzicus
Democracy restored in Athens
Pleistoanax ... (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
Protagoras 495-410
409
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
SECOND SICILIAN WAR ... (410-340) Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)
Carthage invades Sicily
Pleistoanax - (Sparta) (458-409) King (Agaid Line)
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
408
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
SECOND SICILIAN WAR ... (410-340) Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
Eudoxus 408-355
407
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
SECOND SICILIAN WAR ... (410-340) Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)
Alcibiades, Athenian general, quells revolt of subject states
Battle of Notium
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
406
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
SECOND SICILIAN WAR ... (410-340) Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)
Battle of Arginusae Islands - Athenians fleet defeats Spartan fleet
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
Euripides 480-406
Sophocles 496-406
405
PELOPONNESIAN WAR ... (431-404)
SECOND SICILIAN WAR ... (410-340) Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)
Battle of Aegospotami - last major battle of Peloponnesian War - Lysander's navy defeats Athenian navy
Egypt revolts from Persia
Egypt XXVII -
Egypt XXVIII +
Dionysius I + (Syracuse)
Darius II ... (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
404
PELOPONNESIAN WAR - (431-404)
SECOND SICILIAN WAR ... (410-340) Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)
Greek cities in Asia Minor given back to Persians
Peloponesian War ends
Spartan hegemony in Greece (-371)
Athens falls to Spartans
Alcibiades assassinated in exile
Government of the Thirty Tyrants
Amyrtaeus of Sais + (Egypt XXVIII) Pausiris
Darius II - (Persia) (423-404) King (Achaemenid) PC 26*
Artaxerxes II + (Persia) (404-358) King (Achaemenid) PC 27*
Alcibiades 450-404
403
SECOND SICILIAN WAR ... (410-340) Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)
Warring States period in China (-221)
Tripartition of the Jin State
Pausanius restores democracy in Athens
Artaxerxes II ... (Persia) (404-358) King (Achaemenid) PC 27*
402
SECOND SICILIAN WAR ... (410-340) Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)
Democratic reaction led by Thrasybulus
Artaxerxes II ... (Persia) (404-358) King (Achaemenid) PC 27*

Ji Wu (Wei Lie Wang) - (China) Warring States
401
Anabasis (Xenophon)
SECOND SICILIAN WAR ... (410-340) Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)
Expedition of Ten Thousand
Artaxerxes II ... (Persia) (404-358) King (Achaemenid) PC 27*

Ji Jiao (An Wang) + (China) Warring States
400
SECOND SICILIAN WAR ... (410-340) Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)
Athens defeated by Sparta - decline of democracy in Greece
Spartan intervention in Asia Minor (-394)
Retreat of the Ten Thousand - Battle of Cunaxa - Ataxerxes II defeats Greek army under Xenophon
Navigation advances among Pacific islands
Olmec culture declines at La Venta
Artaxerxes II ... (Persia) (404-358) King (Achaemenid) PC 27*
Praxiteles 400-330
Thucydides 460-400




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